Urban resilience and critical infrastructure are central to sustaining cities amid disasters, population growth, and environmental pressures while optimizing resources for billions of residents. Earth observation technologies provide vital insights into urban heat islands, land‑use change, infrastructure stress, and structural integrity through missions such as CHIME, LSTM, ROSE‑L, and CO2M. These capabilities support smart city planning, disaster preparedness, and sustainable development, while enabling continuous monitoring of energy grids, transport networks, and water systems. By assessing structural health, tracking deformation, and mapping risks, Earth observation helps prevent cascading failures, maintain operational continuity, reduce downtime, enhance livability and economic vitality, and strengthen overall societal resilience and national security.